Devices, systems, and methods for treatment of intracranial aneurysms

ABSTRACT

Systems and methods for treating an aneurysm in accordance with embodiments of the present technology include intravascularly delivering an occlusive member to an aneurysm cavity and deforming a shape of the occlusive member via introduction of an embolic element to a space between the occlusive member and an inner surface of the aneurysm wall.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION(S)

The present application claims the benefit of priority of U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/930,421, filed Nov. 4, 2019, U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/930,487, filed Nov. 4, 2019, U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/930,303, filed Nov. 4, 2019, U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/930,324, filed Nov. 4, 2019, U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/930,333, filed Nov. 4, 2019, and U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/930,357, filed Nov. 4, 2019, each of which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.

The following applications are also incorporated by reference herein in their entireties: U.S. patent application Ser. No. ______, filed concurrently herewith, and titled SYSTEMS AND METHODS FOR TREATING ANEURYSMS [Attorney Docket No. C00016119.US08]; U.S. patent application Ser. No. ______, filed concurrently herewith, and titled SYSTEMS AND METHODS FOR TREATING ANEURYSMS [Attorney Docket No. C00016119.US09]; U.S. patent application Ser. No. ______, filed concurrently herewith, and titled SYSTEMS AND METHODS FOR TREATING ANEURYSMS [Attorney Docket No. C00016119.US10]; U.S. patent application Ser. No. ______, filed concurrently herewith, and titled ANEURYSM TREATMENT DEVICE [Attorney Docket No. C00016119.US11]; U.S. patent application Ser. No. ______, filed concurrently herewith, and titled ANEURYSM TREATMENT DEVICE [Attorney Docket No. C00016119.US12]; U.S. patent application Ser. No. ______, filed concurrently herewith, and titled DEVICES, SYSTEMS, AND METHODS FOR TREATING ANEURYSMS [Attorney Docket No. A0004461US01]; U.S. patent application Ser. No. ______, filed concurrently herewith, and titled SYSTEMS AND METHODS FOR TREATING ANEURYSMS [Attorney Docket No. A0004538US01]; U.S. patent application Ser. No. ______, filed concurrently herewith, and titled DEVICES, SYSTEMS, AND METHODS FOR TREATING ANEURYSMS [Attorney Docket No. A0004556US01]; International application No. ______, filed concurrently herewith, titled DEVICES, SYSTEMS, AND METHODS FOR TREATMENT OF INTRACRANIAL ANEURYSMS [Attorney Docket No. C00016119WO01]; International application No. ______, filed concurrently herewith, titled SYSTEMS AND METHODS FOR TREATING ANEURYSMS [Attorney Docket No. C00016119WO02]; and International application No. ______, filed concurrently herewith, titled SYSTEMS AND METHODS FOR TREATING ANEURYSMS [Attorney Docket No. C00016119WO03].

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present technology relates to systems, devices, and methods for treating intracranial aneurysms.

BACKGROUND

An intracranial aneurysm is a portion of an intracranial blood vessel that bulges outward from the blood vessel's main channel. This condition often occurs at a portion of a blood vessel that is abnormally weak because of a congenital anomaly, trauma, high blood pressure, or for another reason. Once an intracranial aneurysm forms, there is a significant risk that the aneurysm will eventually rupture and cause a medical emergency with a high risk of mortality due to hemorrhaging. When an unruptured intracranial aneurysm is detected or when a patient survives an initial rupture of an intracranial aneurysm, vascular surgery is often indicated. One conventional type of vascular surgery for treating an intracranial aneurysm includes using a microcatheter to dispose a platinum coil within an interior volume of the aneurysm. Over time, the presence of the coil should induce formation of a thrombus. Ideally, the aneurysm's neck closes at the site of the thrombus and is replaced with new endothelial tissue. Blood then bypasses the aneurysm, thereby reducing the risk of aneurysm rupture (or re-rupture) and associated hemorrhaging. Unfortunately, long-term recanalization (i.e., restoration of blood flow to the interior volume of the aneurysm) after this type of vascular surgery occurs in a number of cases, especially for intracranial aneurysms with relatively wide necks and/or relatively large interior volumes.

Another conventional type of vascular surgery for treating an intracranial aneurysm includes deploying a flow diverter within the associated intracranial blood vessel. The flow diverter is often a mesh tube that causes blood to preferentially flow along a main channel of the blood vessel while blood within the aneurysm stagnates. The stagnant blood within the aneurysm should eventually form a thrombus that leads to closure of the aneurysm's neck and to growth of new endothelial tissue, as with the platinum coil treatment. One significant drawback of flow diverters is that it may take weeks or months to form aneurysmal thrombus and significantly longer for the aneurysm neck to be covered with endothelial cells for full effect. This delay may be unacceptable when risk of aneurysm rupture (or re-rupture) is high. Moreover, flow diverters typically require antiplatelet therapy to prevent a thrombus from forming within the main channel of the blood vessel at the site of the flow diverter. Antiplatelet therapy may be contraindicated shortly after an initial aneurysm rupture has occurred because risk of re-rupture at this time is high and antiplatelet therapy tends to exacerbate intracranial hemorrhaging if re-rupture occurs. For these and other reasons, there is a need for innovation in the treatment of intracranial aneurysms. Given the severity of this condition, innovation in this field has immediate life-saving potential.

SUMMARY

The subject technology is illustrated, for example, according to various aspects described below, including with reference to FIGS. 1A-5B. Various examples of aspects of the subject technology are described as numbered clauses (1, 2, 3, etc.) for convenience. These are provided as examples and do not limit the subject technology.

1. A method for treating an aneurysm, the method comprising:

-   -   positioning a distal end of an elongated shaft in an aneurysm         cavity;     -   releasing an occlusive member from the elongated shaft while the         distal end of the elongated shaft is positioned within the         aneurysm cavity such that the occlusive member self-expands to         assume a first expanded state in which the occlusive member         forms a first shape, wherein, in the first expanded state, the         occlusive member encloses an interior region having a first         interior volume; and     -   delivering an embolic element between the occlusive member and         the aneurysm wall to transform the occlusive member into a         second expanded state in which the occlusive member defines a         second interior volume less than the first interior volume,         wherein the occlusive member forms a second shape in the second         expanded state that is different than the first shape in the         first expanded state.

2. The method of any one of the previous Clauses, wherein transforming the occlusive member into the second expanded shape includes injecting the embolic material to urge a portion of a sidewall of the expandable mesh in a direction away from a wall of the aneurysm and towards the interior region of the occlusive member.

3. The method of any one of the previous Clauses, wherein transforming the occlusive member into the second expanded shape includes injecting the embolic material to invert a portion of a sidewall of the occlusive member such that the portion is convex towards the aneurysm wall in the first expanded state and concave towards the aneurysm wall in the second expanded state.

4. The method of any one of the previous Clauses, wherein the embolic element comprises a liquid embolic.

5. The method of any one of the previous Clauses, wherein the embolic element comprises one or more embolization coils.

6. The method of any one of the previous Clauses, wherein delivering the embolic element occurs after the occlusive member is in the first expanded state.

7. The method of any one of the preceding Clauses, wherein the occlusive member is a mesh.

8. The method of any one of the preceding Clauses, wherein the occlusive member is a braid.

9. The method of any one of the preceding Clauses, wherein the occlusive member is a dual-layered braid.

10. The method of any one of the preceding Clauses, wherein the occlusive member has a globular or generally spherical shape in the first expanded state.

11. The method of any one of the preceding Clauses, wherein the occlusive member is cup or bowl-shaped in the second expanded state.

12. The method of any one of the preceding Clauses, wherein the second shape is a predetermined three-dimensional shape.

13. The method of any one of the preceding Clauses, wherein the occlusive member forms a multi-layer braid at the neck of the aneurysm in the second expanded state.

14. The method of any one of the previous Clauses, wherein the occlusive member comprises a plurality of braided filaments that assume a pre-set, three-dimensional shape in the expanded state.

15. The method of any one of the previous Clauses, wherein the occlusive member comprises a braid formed of 24, 32, 36, 48, 64, or 72 filaments.

16. The method of any one of the previous Clauses, wherein the occlusive member comprises a braid formed of a plurality of wires, some or all of which have a diameter of about 0.001 inches (0.00254 cm).

17. The method of any one of the previous Clauses, wherein the occlusive member comprises a braid formed of a plurality of wires, some or all of which have the same diameter.

18. The method of any one of the previous Clauses, wherein the occlusive member comprises a braid formed of a plurality of wires, at least some of which have different diameters.

19. The method of any one of the previous Clauses, wherein the occlusive member forms a closed, globular shape in the expanded state, the mesh having an aperture at a distal portion.

20. The method of any one of the previous Clauses, wherein, in the expanded state, the occlusive member forms one of a sphere, a prolate spheroid, or an oblate spheroid.

21. The method of any one of the previous Clauses, wherein the occlusive member comprises an inner layer and an outer layer.

22. The method of any one of the previous Clauses, wherein the occlusive member comprises an inner layer and an outer layer that meet at a fold at a distal portion of the occlusive member.

23. The method of Clause 22, wherein the expandable mesh includes an aperture at a distal portion, the aperture being defined by the fold.

24. The method of any one of the previous Clauses, wherein the occlusive member comprises an inner layer and an outer layer that meet at a fold at a proximal portion of the occlusive member.

25. The method of Clause 24, wherein the expandable mesh includes an aperture at a distal portion, the aperture being defined by the fold.

26. The method of any one of the previous Clauses, wherein the occlusive member has a maximum cross-sectional dimension of 3.0 mm, 3.5 mm, 4.0 mm, 4.5 mm, 5.0 mm, 5.5 mm, 6.0 mm, 6.5 mm, 7.0 mm, 7.5 mm, or 8.0 mm.

27. The method of any one of the previous Clauses, wherein the occlusive member is formed of a plurality of filaments having first and second ends fixed at a coupler.

28. The method of any one of the previous Clauses, wherein the occlusive member is formed of a plurality of filaments formed of an inner core material surrounded by an outer material.

29. The method of Clause 28, wherein the inner core material is a radiopaque material and the outer material is a superelastic material.

30. The method of any one of the previous Clauses, wherein the occlusive member is a laser-cut tube.

31. The method of any one of the previous Clauses, wherein the occlusive member comprises a plurality of filaments.

32. The method of Clause 31, wherein the filaments are interwoven.

33. The method of Clause 31 or Clause 32, wherein the filaments are braided.

34. The method of any one of Clauses 31 to 33, wherein each of the filaments has a first end and a second end opposite the first end, and wherein both the first and second ends of the filaments are fixed relative to one another at a coupler.

35. The method of Clause 34, wherein the coupler is disposed at a distal end of the occlusive member.

36. The method of Clause 34, wherein the coupler is disposed at a proximal end of the occlusive member.

37. The method of any one of Clauses 31 to 36, wherein each of the filaments terminate at only one end of the occlusive member.

38. The method of Clause 37, wherein the filaments form an opening at an end of the occlusive member opposite the only one end.

39. The method of Clause 38, wherein an inverted portion of each of the filaments define the opening.

40. The method of Clause 39, wherein the inverted portions of the filaments are configured to move relative to one another.

41. The method of any one of the previous Clauses, wherein the embolic element comprises a biopolymer and a chemical crosslinking agent.

42. The method of Clause 42, wherein the biopolymer includes chitosan, a derivative of chitosan, an analog of chitosan, or a combination thereof.

43. The method of Clause 42 or Clause 43, wherein the chemical crosslinking agent includes genipin, a derivative of genipin, an analog of genipin, or a combination thereof.

44. The method of any one of Clauses 42 to 44, wherein the embolic element further comprises a physical crosslinking agent.

45. The method of Clause 45, the physical crosslinking agent includes β glycerophosphate, a derivative of β glycerophosphate, an analog of β glycerophosphate, or a combination thereof.

46. The method of Clause 42, wherein the biopolymer includes chitosan, a derivative of chitosan, an analog of chitosan, or a combination thereof;

-   -   the chemical crosslinking agent includes genipin, a derivative         of genipin, an analog of genipin, or a combination thereof; and         the physical crosslinking agent includes β glycerophosphate, a         derivative of β glycerophosphate, an analog of β         glycerophosphate, or a combination thereof.

47. The method of any one of the preceding Clauses, wherein the embolic element comprises a contrast agent.

48. The method of Clause 48, wherein the contrast agent is selected to provide diminishing radiopacity.

49. The method of Clause 48 or Clause 49, wherein the contrast agent includes iohexol, a derivative of iohexol, an analog of iohexol, or a combination thereof.

50. A method for treating an aneurysm, the method comprising:

-   -   positioning an expandable occlusive member in an initial         expanded state within an aneurysm, wherein in the initial         expanded state the expandable occlusive member provides a number         of layers across a neck of the aneurysm; and     -   doubling the number of layers of the occlusive device across the         neck of the aneurysm by introducing an embolic element to the         aneurysm cavity.

51. The method of Clause 51, wherein the number of layers is one.

52. The method of Clause 51, wherein the number of layers is two.

53. The method of any one of Clauses 51 to 53, wherein the layers are mesh layers.

54. The method of any one of Clauses 51 to 54, wherein the occlusive member has a first shape in the initial expanded state, and wherein introducing the embolic element transforms the occlusive member from the initial expanded state to a secondary expanded state in which the occlusive member forms a second shape different than the first shape.

55. The method of Clause 55, wherein a volume enclosed by the first shape is greater than a volume enclosed by the second shape.

56. A method for imaging treatment of an aneurysm, the method comprising:

-   -   acquiring a first image visualizing:         -   an occlusive member positioned within an aneurysm, the             occlusive member including a first radiopaque marker; and         -   a conduit having a distal portion positioned within an             aneurysm, the distal portion of the conduit including a             second radiopaque marker; and     -   acquiring a second image in which the first radiopaque marker is         further from the second radiopaque marker than in the first         image.

57. The method of Clause 56, wherein, in the second image, the first radiopaque marker is positioned proximal to the second radiopaque marker.

58. The method of one of Clauses 56 to 57, wherein, in the second image, the first radiopaque marker is positioned closer to a neck of the aneurysm than in the first image.

59. The method of any one of Clauses 56 to 58, wherein, in the first image, the first radiopaque marker is positioned in a distal half of the occlusive member.

60. The method of any one of Clauses 56 to 59, wherein, in the first image, the first radiopaque marker is positioned on a distal-facing surface of the occlusive member.

61. The method of any one of Clauses 56 to 60, wherein, in the first image, the first radiopaque marker is positioned proximal to the second radiopaque marker.

62. The method of any one of Clauses 56 to 61, wherein, in the first image and in the second image, the second radiopaque marker is disposed nearer to a dome of the aneurysm than the first radiopaque marker.

63. The method of any one of Clauses 56 to 62, wherein, in the second image, a radiopaque occlusive element is visible in a space between the first radiopaque marker and the second radiopaque marker.

64. The method of any one of Clauses 56 to 63, further comprising acquiring a third image in which the first radiopaque marker is further from the second radiopaque marker than in the second image.

65. The method of any one of Clauses 56 to 64, wherein acquiring the first image and acquiring the second image each comprises acquiring a fluoroscopic image.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Many aspects of the present disclosure can be better understood with reference to the following drawings. The components in the drawings are not necessarily to scale. Instead, emphasis is placed on illustrating clearly the principles of the present disclosure.

FIG. 1A shows a perspective view of a system for treating an aneurysm in accordance with the present technology.

FIG. 1B shows an enlarged view of a distal portion of the treatment system of FIG. 1A in accordance with the present technology.

FIGS. 1C and 1D are sectioned views of occlusive members in an expanded state in accordance with the present technology.

FIG. 2 shows an embolic kit according to the present technology.

FIGS. 3A-3G depict an example method of treating an aneurysm with the treatment systems of the present technology.

FIGS. 4A-5B show various types of images that may be employed to confirm and/or monitor deployment of the treatment system of the present technology.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Methods for treating intracranial aneurysms in accordance with at least some embodiments of the present technology include positioning an expandable occlusive member within the aneurysm and introducing an embolic element between the occlusive member and an aneurysm wall. Introduction of the embolic element both fills space within the aneurysm cavity and deforms the occlusive member from a first expanded state to a second expanded state to fortify the occlusive member at the neck of the aneurysm. Deformation of the occlusive member from a first expanded state to a second expanded state provides the additional advantage of giving visual confirmation to the physician that the delivered amount of embolic element sufficiently fills the aneurysm cavity. In addition to providing a structural support and anchor for the embolic element, the occlusive member provides a scaffold for tissue remodeling and diverts blood flow from the aneurysm. Moreover, the embolic element exerts a substantially uniform pressure on the occlusive member towards the neck of the aneurysm, thereby pressing the portions of the occlusive member positioned adjacent the neck against the inner surface of the aneurysm wall such that the occlusive member forms a complete and stable seal at the neck.

Specific details of systems, devices, and methods for treating intracranial aneurysms in accordance with embodiments of the present technology are described herein with reference to FIGS. 1A-5B. Although these systems, devices, and methods may be described herein primarily or entirely in the context of treating saccular intracranial aneurysms, other contexts are within the scope of the present technology. For example, suitable features of described systems, devices, and methods for treating saccular intracranial aneurysms can be implemented in the context of treating non-saccular intracranial aneurysms, abdominal aortic aneurysms, thoracic aortic aneurysms, renal artery aneurysms, arteriovenous malformations, tumors (e.g. via occlusion of vessel(s) feeding a tumor), perivascular leaks, varicose veins (e.g. via occlusion of one or more truncal veins such as the great saphenous vein), hemorrhoids, and sealing endoleaks adjacent to artificial heart valves, covered stents, and abdominal aortic aneurysm devices among other examples. Furthermore, it should be understood, in general, that other systems, devices, and methods in addition to those disclosed herein are within the scope of the present disclosure. For example, systems, devices, and methods in accordance with embodiments of the present technology can have different and/or additional configurations, components, procedures, etc. than those disclosed herein. Moreover, systems, devices, and methods in accordance with embodiments of the present disclosure can be without one or more of the configurations, components, procedures, etc. disclosed herein without deviating from the present technology.

I. Overview of Systems of the Present Technology

FIG. 1A illustrates a view of a system 10 for treating intracranial aneurysms according to one or more embodiments of the present technology. As shown in FIG. 1A, the system 10 comprises a treatment system 100 and an embolic kit 200 for use with one or more components of the treatment system 100. The treatment system 100 may comprise an occlusive member 102 (shown in an expanded state) detachably coupled to a delivery system, and the delivery system may be configured to intravascularly position the occlusive member 102 within an aneurysm. The embolic kit 200 may comprise one or more substances or devices that alone or in combination form an embolic element that is configured to co-occupy the internal volume of the aneurysm with the occlusive member 102. In some embodiments, the treatment system 100 may be configured to deliver the embolic element (and/or one or more precursors thereof) to the aneurysm. Additionally or alternatively, the system 10 may include a separate delivery system (not shown) for delivering the embolic element (and/or one or more precursors thereof) to the aneurysm cavity.

As shown in FIG. 1A, the treatment system 100 has a proximal portion 100 a configured to be extracorporeally positioned during treatment and a distal portion 100 b configured to be intravascularly positioned within a blood vessel (such as an intracranial blood vessel) at a treatment site at or proximate an aneurysm. The treatment system 100 may include a handle 103 at the proximal portion 100 a, the occlusive member 102 at the distal portion 100 b, and a plurality of elongated shafts or members extending between the proximal and distal portions 100 a and 100 b. In some embodiments, such as that shown in FIG. 1A, the treatment system 100 may include a first elongated shaft 109 (such as a guide catheter or balloon guide catheter), a second elongated shaft 108 (such as a microcatheter) configured to be slidably disposed within a lumen of the first elongated shaft 109, and an elongated member 106 configured to be slidably disposed within a lumen of the second elongated shaft 108. In some embodiments, the treatment system 100 does not include the first elongated shaft 109 and only includes the second elongated shaft 108.

FIG. 1B is an enlarged view of the distal portion 100 b of the treatment system 100. Referring to FIGS. 1A and 1B together, the occlusive member 102 may be detachably coupled to a distal end of the elongated member 106. For example, the elongated member 106 may include a first coupler 112 at its distal end, and the occlusive member 102 may include a second coupler 114 configured to detachably couple with the first coupler 112. The treatment system 100 may further comprise a conduit 116 extending from the handle 103 (for example, via port 110) distally to the distal portion 100 b of the treatment system 100. The conduit 116 is configured to deliver the embolic element (and/or one or more precursors thereof) through one or more components of the delivery system (e.g., the first or second elongated shafts 109, 108, the elongated member 106, etc.) to a position at the exterior of the occlusive member 102. As such, the embolic element may be positioned between the occlusive member 102 and an inner wall of the aneurysm cavity, as described in greater detail below.

According to some embodiments, the second elongated shaft 108 is generally constructed to track over a conventional guidewire in the cervical anatomy and into the cerebral vessels associated with the brain and may also be chosen according to several standard designs that are generally available. Accordingly, the second elongated shaft 108 can have a length that is at least 125 cm long, and more particularly may be between about 125 cm and about 175 cm long. In some embodiments, the second elongated shaft 108 may have an inner diameter of about 0.015 inches (0.0381 cm), 0.017 inches (0.043 cm), about 0.021 inches (0.053 cm), or about 0.027 inches (0.069 cm). Other designs and dimensions are contemplated.

The elongated member 106 can be movable within the first and/or second elongated shafts 109, 108 to position the occlusive member 102 at a desired location. The elongated member 106 can be sufficiently flexible to allow manipulation, e.g., advancement and/or retraction, of the occlusive member 102 through tortuous passages. Tortuous passages can include, for example, catheter lumens, microcatheter lumens, blood vessels, urinary tracts, biliary tracts, and airways. The elongated member 106 can be formed of any material and in any dimensions suitable for the task(s) for which the system is to be employed. In some embodiments, the elongated member 106 can comprise a solid metal wire. In some embodiments, the elongated member 106 may comprise any other suitable form of shaft such as an elongated tubular shaft.

In some embodiments, the elongated member 106 can comprise stainless steel, nitinol, or other metal or alloy. In some embodiments, the elongated member 106 can be surrounded over some or all of its length by a coating, such as, for example, polytetrafluoroethylene. The elongated member 106 may have a diameter that is generally constant along its length, or the elongated member 106 may have a diameter that tapers radially inwardly, along at least a portion of its length, as it extends in a distal direction.

According to several embodiments, the conduit 116 may be a catheter or elongated shaft that is delivered separately from the second elongated shaft 108.

A. Selected Examples of Occlusive Members

FIG. 1C is a sectioned view of the occlusive member 102, shown in an expanded state and detached from the treatment system 100. Referring to FIGS. 1B and 1C, the occlusive member 102 may comprise an expandable element having a low-profile or constrained state while positioned within a catheter (such as the second elongated shaft 108) for delivery to the aneurysm and an expanded state in which the expandable element is configured to be positioned within an aneurysm (such as a cerebral aneurysm).

According to some embodiments, the occlusive member 102 may comprise a mesh 101 formed of a plurality of braided filaments that have been heat-set to assume a predetermined shape enclosing an interior volume 130 when the mesh 101 is in an expanded, unconstrained state. Example shapes include a globular shape, such as a sphere, a prolate spheroid, an oblate spheroid, and others. As depicted in FIG. 1C, the mesh 101 may have inner and outer layers 122, 124 that have proximal ends fixed relative to one another at the second coupler 114 and meet distally at a distal fold 128 surrounding an aperture 126. While the inner and outer layers 122, 124 are depicted spaced apart from one another along their lengths, the inner and outer layers 122, 124 may be in contact with one another along all or a portion of their lengths. For example, the inner layer 122 may press radially outwardly against the outer layer 124. In some embodiments, the occlusive member 102 may be formed of a single layer or mesh or braid.

In some embodiments, the inner and outer layers 122, 124 have their distal ends fixed relative to one another at a distal coupler and meet proximally at a proximal fold surrounding an aperture. In any case, in some embodiments the conduit 116 may be configured to be slidably positioned through some or all of the second coupler 114, the interior volume 130 of the expanded mesh 101, and the opening 126.

The inner and outer layers 122 and 124 may conform to one another at the distal portion (for example as shown in FIG. 1C) to form a curved distal surface. For example, at least at the distal portion of the occlusive member 102, the inner and outer layers 122 and 124 may extend distally and radially inwardly, towards the aperture 126. In some embodiments, the outer and/or inner layers 122 and 124 extend distally and radially outwardly from the second coupler 114, then extend distally and radially inwardly up to a distal terminus of the occlusive member 102 (e.g., the fold 128). The occlusive member 102 and/or layers thereof may be curved along its entire length, or may have one or more generally straight portions. In some embodiments, the curved surface transitions to a flat or substantially flat, distal-most surface that surrounds the aperture 126. In some embodiments, the curved surface transitions to a distal-most surface that surrounds the aperture 126 and has a radius of curvature that is greater than the average radius of curvature of the rest of the occlusive member 102. Having a flat or substantially flat distal surface, or a distal surface with a radius of curvature that is greater than the average radius of curvature of the rest of the occlusive member 102, may be beneficial for delivering the embolic element 230 in that it creates a small gap between the distal surface of the occlusive member 102 and the dome of the aneurysm A (see, for example, FIG. 3B). In some embodiments, the surface of the occlusive member 102 surrounding the aperture 126 is curved and/or has generally the same radius of curvature as the remainder of the occlusive member 102.

In any case, the inner layer 124 may have a shape that substantially conforms to the shape of the outer layer 124, or the inner and outer layers 122, 124 may have different shapes. For example, as shown in FIG. 1D, the inner layer 122 may have a diameter or cross-sectional dimension that is less than the outer layer 124. Such a configuration may be beneficial in that the embolic element 230 experiences less resistance, at least initially, when pushing the distal wall of the occlusion member 102 downwardly towards the neck (as described in greater detail below).

In any case, both the proximal portion and the distal portion of the mesh 101 can form generally closed surfaces. However, unlike at the proximal portion of the mesh 101, the portion of the filaments at or near the fold 128 at the distal portion of the mesh 101 can move relative to one another. As such, the distal portion of the mesh 101 has both the properties of a closed end and also some properties of an open end (like a traditional stent), such as some freedom of movement of the distal-most portions of the filaments and an opening through which the conduit 116, a guidewire, guidetube, or other elongated member may pass through.

In some embodiments, each of the plurality of filaments have a first end positioned at the proximal portion of the mesh 101 and a second end also positioned at the proximal portion of the mesh 101. Each of the filaments may extend from its corresponding first end distally along the body of the mesh 101 to the fold 128, invert, then extend proximally along the mesh body to its corresponding second end at the proximal portion of the mesh 101. As such, each of the plurality of filaments have a first length that forms the inner layer 122 of the mesh 101, a second length that forms the outer layer 124 of the mesh 101, and both first and second ends fixed at the proximal portion of the mesh 101. In some embodiments, the occlusive member 102 may comprise a mesh formed of a single layer, or a mesh formed of three or more layers.

In some embodiments, the distal end surface of the mesh 101 is completely closed (i.e., does not include an aperture). In some embodiments the filaments are fixed relative to the at both the proximal and distal ends of the occlusive member 102.

The mesh 101 may be formed of metal wires, polymer wires, or both, and the wires may have shape memory and/or superelastic properties. The mesh 101 may be formed of 24, 32, 36, 48, 64, 72, 96, 128, or 144 filaments. The mesh 101 may be formed of a range of filament or wire sizes, such as wires having a diameter of from about 0.0004 inches to about 0.0020 inches, or of from about 0.0009 inches to about 0.0012 inches. In some embodiments, each of the wires or filaments have a diameter of about 0.0004 inches, about 0.0005 inches, about 0.0006 inches, about 0.0007 inches, about 0.0008 inches, about 0.0009 inches, about 0.001 inches, about 0.0011 inches, about 0.0012 inches, about 0.0013 inches, about 0.0014 inches, about 0.0015 inches, about 0.0016 inches, about 0.0017 inches, about 0.0018 inches, about 0.0019 inches, or about 0.0020 inches. In some embodiments, all of the filaments of the braided mesh 101 may have the same diameter. For example, in some embodiments, all of the filaments have a diameter of about 0.001 inches. In some embodiments, some of the filaments may have different cross-sectional diameters. For example, some of the filaments may have a slightly thicker diameter to impart additional strength to the braided layers. In some embodiments, some of the filaments can have a diameter of about 0.001 inches, and some of the filaments can have a diameter of greater than 0.001 inches. The thicker filaments may impart greater strength to the braid without significantly increasing the device delivery profile, with the thinner wires offering some strength while filling-out the braid matrix density.

The occlusive member 102 can have different shapes and sizes in an expanded, unconstrained state. For example, the occlusive member 102 may have a bullet shape, a barrel-shape, an egg shape, a dreidel shape, a bowl shape, a disc shape, a cylindrical or substantially cylindrical shape, a barrel shape, a chalice shape, etc.

B. Selected Examples of Embolic Kits

The embolic kit 200 may include one or more precursors for creation of a liquid embolic. For example, the embolic kit 200 may include a first container 202 containing a first precursor material 203 (shown schematically), a second container 204 containing a second precursor material 205 (also shown schematically), and a mixing device 206 suitable for mixing the first and second precursor materials 203, 205. The mixing device 206 can include mixing syringes 208 (individually identified as mixing syringes 208 a, 208 b) and a coupler 210 extending between respective exit ports (not shown) of the mixing syringes 208. The mixing syringes 208 a, 208 b each include a plunger 212 and a barrel 214 in which the plunger 212 is slidably received.

The embolic kit 200 can further include an injection syringe 216 configured to receive a mixture of the first and second precursor materials 203, 205 and deliver the mixture to a proximal portion 100 b of the treatment assembly 100. The injection syringe 216 can include a barrel 220, an exit port 222 at one end of the barrel 220, and a plunger 224 slidably received within the barrel 220 via an opposite end of the barrel 220. The handle 103 of the treatment system 100 may have a coupler configured to form a secure fluidic connection between the lumen and the exit port 222 of the injection syringe 216.

The first and second precursor materials 203, 205 can include a biopolymer and a chemical crosslinking agent, respectively. The chemical crosslinking agent can be selected to form covalent crosslinks between chains of the biopolymer. In some embodiments, the biopolymer of the first precursor material 203 includes chitosan or a derivative or analog thereof, and the chemical crosslinking agent of the second precursor material 205 includes genipin or a derivative or analog thereof. Other suitable crosslinking agents for use with chitosan include glutaraldehyde, functionalized polyethylene glycol, and derivatives and analogs thereof. In other embodiments, the biopolymer of the first precursor material 203 can include collagen or a derivative or analog thereof, and the chemical crosslinking agent of the second precursor material 205 can include hexamethylene diisocyanate or a derivative or analog thereof. Alternatively or in addition, genipin or a derivative or analog thereof can be used as a chemical crosslinking agent for a collagen-based biopolymer. In still other embodiments, the biopolymer of the first precursor material 203 and the chemical crosslinking agent of the second precursor material 205 can include other suitable compounds alone or in combination.

Mixing the biopolymer of the first precursor material 203 and the chemical crosslinking agent of the second precursor material 205 can initiate chemical crosslinking of the biopolymer. After the first and second precursor materials 203, 205 are mixed, chemical crosslinking of the biopolymer occurs for enough time to allow the resulting embolic element 230 be delivered to the aneurysm before becoming too viscous to move through the lumen of the conduit 116. In addition, the period of time during which chemical crosslinking of the biopolymer occurs can be short enough to reach a target deployed viscosity within a reasonable time (e.g., in the range of 10-60 minutes; or at most 40 minutes, 30 minutes, 20 minutes, or 10 minutes) after delivery. The target deployed viscosity can be high enough to cause an agglomeration of the embolic element 230 to remain within the internal volume of the aneurysm without reinforcing the neck.

In at least some cases, the biopolymer has a non-zero degree of chemical crosslinking within the first precursor material 203 before mixing with the chemical crosslinking agent. This can be useful, for example, to customize the curing window for the embolic element 230 so that it corresponds well with an expected amount of time needed to deliver the material to the aneurysm. The degree of chemical crosslinking of the biopolymer within the first precursor material 203 before mixing with the chemical crosslinking agent, the ratio of the biopolymer to the chemical crosslinking agent, and/or one or more other variables can be selected to cause the embolic element 230 to have a viscosity suitable for delivery to the aneurysm via the lumen of the conduit 116 for a suitable period of time (e.g., a period within a range from 10 minutes to 40 minutes) after mixing of the first and second precursor materials 203, 205. In at least some cases, the first and second precursor materials 203, 205 are mixed in proportions that cause a weight ratio of the biopolymer to the chemical crosslinking agent in the resulting embolic element 230 to be within a range from 10:1 to 100:1, such as from 10:1 to 30:1, or from 15:1 to 50:1, or from 15:1 to 25:1. In a particular example, the first and second precursor materials 203, 205 are mixed in proportions that cause a weight ratio of the biopolymer to the chemical crosslinking agent in the resulting embolic element 230 to be 30:1.

Use of a biopolymer instead of an artificial polymer in the first precursor material 203 may be advantageous because biopolymers tend to be more readily bioabsorbed than artificial polymers and/or for other reasons. Furthermore, use of a chemical crosslinking agent instead of a physical crosslinking agent (i.e., a crosslinking agent that forms noncovalent crosslinks between chains of the biopolymer) in the second precursor material 205 may be advantageous because chemically crosslinked polymers tend to be more cohesive than physically crosslinked polymers and/or for other reasons. In the context of forming a tissue scaffold within an aneurysm, high cohesiveness of the embolic element 230 may be more important than it is in other contexts to secure the cured embolic element 230 within the aneurysm 302. For example, high cohesiveness of the embolic element 230 may reduce or eliminate the possibility of a piece of the embolic element 230 breaking free and entering a patient's intracerebral blood stream during delivery.

The first and second precursor materials 203, 205 may include other components and/or the system 200 may include other precursor materials intended for mixing with the first and second precursor materials 203, 205. For example, the first, second, and/or another precursor material may include a physical crosslinking agent. The presence of a physical crosslinking agent may be useful to form physical crosslinks that complement chemical crosslinks from the chemical crosslinking agent. The combination of chemical and physical crosslinks may enhance the cohesiveness of the embolic element 230. Suitable physical crosslinking agents for use with chitosan-based biopolymers include β glycerophosphate, mannitol, glucose, and derivatives and analogs thereof. In these and other cases, the embolic element 230 may include multiple chemical crosslinking agents and/or multiple physical crosslinking agents.

A contrast agent is another component that may be added to the precursor materials. The presence of a contrast agent within the embolic element 230 can be useful to visualize delivery of the embolic element 230 using fluoroscopy. One problem with using conventional platinum coils in intracranial aneurysms is that the persistent radiopacity of the coils tends to interfere with visualizing other aspects of the treatment in follow-up imaging. For example, the presence of platinum coils within an aneurysm may make it difficult or impossible to detect by fluoroscopy the presence of blood-carried contrast agent that would otherwise indicate recanalization. In at least some embodiments of the present technology, a contrast agent within the embolic element 230 is selected to provide radiopacity that diminishes over time. For example, the contrast agent may initially be radiopaque to facilitate delivery of the embolic element 230 and then become less radiopaque to facilitate follow-up imaging. In a particular example, the first, second, and/or another precursor material includes iohexol or a derivative or analog thereof as a suitable contrast agent.

In animal studies, the liquid embolics of the present technology were shown to provide (a) complete or nearly complete volumetric filling of the aneurysm internal volume, and (b) complete or nearly complete coverage of the aneurysm neck with new endothelial tissue. These features, among others, are expected to result in a lower recanalization rate than that of platinum coil treatments and faster aneurysm occlusion than that of flow diverters. Furthermore, the injectable scaffold material is expected to be bioabsorbed and thereby reduced in volume over time. Thus, unlike platinum coils, the injectable scaffold is expected to have little or no long-term mass effect. Furthermore, the injectable scaffold material can be configured to have diminishing radiopacity; therefore, when so configured it will not interfere future CT and MRI imaging and procedures. Embodiments of the present technology can have these and/or other features and advantages relative to conventional counterparts whether or not such features and advantages are described herein.

In some embodiments, the embolic kit 200 and/or embolic element 230 may be any embolic or occlusive device, such as one or more embolic coils, polymer hydrogel(s), polymer fibers, mesh devices, or combinations thereof. The embolic kit 200 may include one or more precursors that, once mixed together, form the embolic element 230 that remains within the aneurysm. In some embodiments, the embolic kit 200 may include the embolic element pre-mixed.

II. Selected Methods for Treating Aneurysms

FIGS. 3A-3G depict an example method for treating an aneurysm A with the systems 10 of the present technology. To begin, a physician may intravascularly advance the second elongated shaft 108 towards an intracranial aneurysm (or other treatment location such as any of those described herein) with the occlusive member 102 in a low-profile state. A distal portion of the second elongated shaft 108 may be advanced through a neck N of the aneurysm A to locate a distal opening of the second elongated shaft 108 within an interior cavity of the aneurysm A. The elongated member 106 may be advanced distally relative to the second elongated shaft 108 to push the occlusive member 102 through the opening at the distal end of the second elongated shaft 108, thereby releasing the occlusive member 102 from the shaft 108 and allowing the occlusive member 102 to self-expand into a first expanded state.

FIG. 3A shows the occlusive member 102 in a first expanded state, positioned in an aneurysm cavity and still coupled to the elongated member 106. As shown in FIG. 3A, in the first expanded state, the occlusive member 102 may assume a predetermined shape that encloses an internal volume 130 (see FIG. 1C). In this first expanded state, the occlusive member 102 may generally conform to the shape of the aneurysm A. As illustrated in FIG. 3B with the occlusive member 102 and delivery system shown in cross-section, the conduit 116 may be advanced through the internal volume 130 of the occlusive member 102 such that a distal opening of the conduit 116 is at or distal to the aperture 126 at the distal portion of the occlusive member 102. The embolic element 230 may be delivered through the conduit 116 to a space between the occlusive member 102 and an inner surface of the aneurysm wall W.

In some embodiments, the method includes mixing the first and second precursor materials 203, 205 (FIG. 2) to form the embolic element 230. Mixing of the first and second precursor materials 203, 205 may occur prior to introducing the embolic element 230 to the treatment system 100 and/or during delivery of the embolic element through the conduit 116 to the aneurysm. In a particular example, the first precursor material 203 is loaded into one of the barrels 214, the second precursor materials 205 is loaded into the other barrel 214, and the mixing syringes 208 are coupled via the coupler 210. To mix the first and second precursor materials 203, 205, the plungers 212 are alternately depressed, thereby causing the first and second precursor materials 203, 205 to move repeatedly from one barrel 214 to the other barrel 214. After suitably mixing the precursor materials, the resulting embolic element 230 can be loaded into the barrel 220 of the injection syringe 216. The injection syringe 216 may then be coupled to a proximal end of the conduit 116 to deliver the embolic element 230 through the conduit 116 and into the aneurysm A. As the embolic element 230 passes through the lumen of the conduit 116, chemical crosslinking of the biopolymer can continue to occur.

Still with reference to FIG. 3B, as the embolic element 230 is delivered between the dome of the aneurysm A and the distal portion 132 of the wall of the occlusive member 102, pressure builds between the aneurysm wall W and the occlusive member 102. As shown in the progression of FIGS. 3B-3D, when the forces on the occlusive member 102 reach a threshold level, the embolic element 230 pushes the distal wall 132 downwardly towards the neck N of the aneurysm A. The embolic element 230 exerts a substantially uniform pressure across the distal surface of the occlusive member 102 that collapses the occlusive member 102 inwardly on itself such that the rounded distal wall 132 transitions from concave towards the neck N of the aneurysm A to convex towards the neck N. The pressure and inversion of the distal portion of the wall 132 creates an annular fold 136 that defines the distal-most edge of the occlusive member 102. As the occlusive member 102 continues to invert, the position of the fold 136 moves towards the neck N, which continues until a distal-most half of the occlusive member 102 has inverted. In some embodiments, the occlusive member 102 may include one or more portions configured to preferentially flex or bend such that the occlusive member 102 folds at a desired longitude. Moreover, as the occlusive member 102 collapses, a distance between the wall at the distal portion 132 and the wall at the proximal portion decreases, and thus the internal volume 130 of the occlusive member 102 also decreases. As the occlusive member 102 collapses, the conduit 116 may be held stationary, advanced distally, and/or retracted proximally.

During and after delivery of the embolic element 230, none or substantially none of the embolic element 230 migrates through the pores of the occlusive member 102 and into the internal volume 130. Said another way, all or substantially all of the embolic element 230 remains at the exterior surface or outside of the occlusive member 102. Compression of the occlusive member with the embolic element 230 provides a real-time “leveling” or “aneurysm-filling indicator” to the physician under single plane imaging methods (such as fluoroscopy) so that the physician can confirm at what point the volume of the aneurysm is completely filled. Additional details regarding devices, systems, and methods for monitoring and/or confirming deployment are described below with reference to FIGS. 4A-5B. It is beneficial to fill as much space in the aneurysm as possible, as leaving voids within the aneurysm sac may cause delayed healing and increased risk of aneurysm recanalization and/or rupture. While the scaffolding provided by the occlusive member 102 across the neck helps thrombosis of blood in any gaps and healing at the neck, the substantial filling of the cavity prevents rupture acutely and does not rely on the neck scaffold (i.e., the occlusive member 102). Confirmation of complete or substantially complete aneurysm filling under single plane imaging cannot be provided by conventional devices.

Once delivery of the embolic element 230 is complete, the conduit 116 may be withdrawn. In some embodiments, the embolic element 230 may fill greater than 40% of the aneurysm sac volume. In some embodiments, the embolic element 230 may fill greater than 50% of the aneurysm sac volume. In some embodiments, the embolic element 230 may fill greater than 60% of the aneurysm sac volume. In some embodiments, the embolic element may fill greater than 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, or 90% of the aneurysm sac volume.

FIG. 3E shows a second expanded state of the occlusive member 102, shown in cross-section, with the embolic element 230 occupying the remaining volume of the aneurysm A. FIG. 3F shows the occlusive member 102 in full with the embolic element 230 removed so the second shape of the occlusive member 102 is visible. As shown, the embolic element 230 may be delivered until the occlusive member 102 is fully-collapsed such that the occlusive member 102 has substantially no internal volume.

In the second expanded state, the occlusive member 102 may form a bowl shape that extends across the neck of the aneurysm A. The wall of the occlusive member 102 at the distal portion may now be positioned in contact with or immediately adjacent the wall of the occlusive member 102 at the proximal portion. The distal wall 132 may be in contact with the proximal wall 134 along all or substantially all of its length. In some embodiments, the distal wall 132 may be in contact with the proximal wall 134 along only a portion of its length, while the remainder of the length of the distal wall 132 is in close proximity—but not in contact with—the proximal wall 134.

Collapse of the occlusive member 102 onto itself, towards the neck N of the aneurysm, may be especially beneficial as it doubles the number of layers across the neck and thus increases occlusion at the neck N. For example, the distal wall 132 collapsing or inverting onto the proximal wall 134 may decrease the porosity of the occlusive member 102 at the neck N. In those embodiments where the occlusive member 102 is a mesh or braided device such that the distal wall 132 has a first porosity and the proximal wall 134 has a second porosity, deformation of the distal wall 132 onto or into close proximity within the proximal wall 134 decreases the effective porosity of the occlusive member 102 over the neck N. The resulting multi-layer structure thus has a lower porosity than the individual first and second porosities. Moreover, the embolic element 230 along the distal wall 132 provides additional occlusion. In some embodiments, the embolic element 230 completely or substantially completely occludes the pores of the adjacent layer or wall of the occlusion member 102 such that blood cannot flow past the embolic element 230 into the aneurysm cavity. It is desirable to occlude as much of the aneurysm as possible, as leaving voids of gaps can allow blood to flow in and/or pool, which may continue to stretch out the walls of aneurysm A. Dilation of the aneurysm A can lead to recanalization and/or herniation of the occlusive member 102 and/or embolic element 230 into the parent vessel and/or may cause the aneurysm A to rupture. Both conditions can be fatal to the patient.

In those embodiments where the wall of the occlusive member 102 comprises an inner and outer layer, the deformed or second shape of the occlusive member 102 forms four layers over the neck N of the aneurysm A In those embodiments where the wall of the occlusive member 102 comprises a single layer, the deformed or second shape of the occlusive member 102 forms two layers over the neck N of the aneurysm A As previously mentioned, the neck coverage provided by the doubled layers provides additional surface area for endothelial cell growth, decreases the porosity of the occlusive member 102 at the neck N (as compared to two layers or one layer), and prevents herniation of the embolic element 230 into the parent vessel. During and after delivery, the embolic element 230 exerts a substantially uniform pressure on the occlusive member 102 towards the neck N of the aneurysm A, thereby pressing the portions of the occlusive member 102 positioned adjacent the neck against the inner surface of the aneurysm wall such that the occlusive member 102 forms a complete and stable seal at the neck N.

As shown in FIG. 3G, the first coupler 112 may be detached from the second coupler 114 and the elongated member 106 and second elongated shaft 108 may be withdrawn, thereby leaving the occlusive member 102 and embolic element 230 implanted within the aneurysm A.

Over time natural vascular remodeling mechanisms and/or bioabsorption of the embolic element 230 may lead to formation of a thrombus and/or conversion of entrapped thrombus to fibrous tissue within the internal volume of the aneurysm A. These mechanisms also may lead to cell death at a wall of the aneurysm and growth of new endothelial cells between and over the filaments or struts of the occlusive device 102. Eventually, the thrombus and the cells at the wall of the aneurysm may fully degrade, leaving behind a successfully remodeled region of the blood vessel.

In some embodiments, contrast agent can be delivered during advancement of the occlusive member 102 and/or embolic element 230 in the vasculature, deployment of the occlusive member 102 and/or embolic element 230 at the aneurysm A, and/or after deployment of the occlusive member 102 and/or embolic element 230 prior to initiation of withdrawal of the delivery system. The contrast agent can be delivered through the second elongated shaft 108, the conduit 116, or through another catheter or device commonly used to delivery contrast agent. The aneurysm (and devices therein) may be imaged before, during, and/or after injection of the contrast agent, and the images may be compared to confirm a degree of occlusion of the aneurysm.

According to some aspects of the technology, the system 10 may comprise separate first and second elongated shafts (e.g., microcatheters) (not shown), the first dedicated to delivery of the embolic element, and the second dedicated to the delivery of the occlusive member. In example methods of treating an aneurysm, the first elongated shaft may be intravascularly advanced to the aneurysm and through the neck such that that a distal tip of the first elongated shaft is positioned within the aneurysm cavity. In some embodiments, the first elongated shaft may be positioned within the aneurysm cavity such that the distal tip of the shaft is near the dome of the aneurysm.

The second elongated shaft containing the occlusive member (such as occlusive member 102) may be intravascularly advanced to the aneurysm and positioned within the aneurysm cavity adjacent the first elongated shaft. The occlusive member may then be deployed within the aneurysm sac. As the occlusive member is deployed, it pushes the first elongated shaft outwardly towards the side of the aneurysm, and when fully deployed the occlusive member holds or “jails” the first elongated shaft between an outer surface of the occlusive member and the inner surface of the aneurysm wall.

The embolic element (such as embolic element 230) may then be delivered through the first elongated shaft to a position between the inner surface of the aneurysm wall and the outer surface of the occlusive member. For this reason, it may be beneficial to initially position the distal tip of the first elongated shaft near the dome (or more distal surface) of the aneurysm wall. This way, the “jailed” first elongated shaft will be secured by the occlusive member such that the embolic element gradually fills the open space in the aneurysm sac between the dome and the occlusive member. As described elsewhere herein, the filling of the embolic element pushes and compresses the occlusive member against the tissue surrounding the aneurysm neck as the space in the sac above the occlusive member is being filled from the dome to the neck. Also as described elsewhere herein, the compression of the occlusive member with the embolic element provides a “leveling or aneurysm filling indicator” which is not provided by conventional single plane imaging methods. The filling of the embolic element may complete, for example, when it occupies about 50-80% of the volume of the aneurysm.

III. Selected Devices, Systems, and Methods for Monitoring Deployment

Proper deployment of the embolic element 230 and the occlusive member 102 can be monitored and/or confirmed using one or more medical imaging techniques, such as fluoroscopy. FIGS. 4A-5B illustrate examples of various types of fluoroscopic images that may be employed by a physician at different stages of deployment to monitor the position of the occlusive member 102 within the aneurysm A, monitor the degree of filling of the aneurysm A with the embolic element 230, and/or confirm a degree of occlusion of the aneurysm A by the deployed system. As described in greater detail below, the devices and systems of the present technology may be configured to provide unique visual indicators that provide confirmation to the physician via one or more medical imaging techniques regarding a degree of occlusion of the aneurysm. As described in greater detail below, the visual indicators may include a particular change in shape of all or a portion of the occlusive member 102, a particular change in relative position of one or more radiopaque markers on the occlusive member 102 and/or delivery system (such as the conduit 116), a particular change in shape of the embolic element 230, and others.

Although the following discussion is made with reference to the two-dimensional images shown in FIGS. 4A-5B, the systems and methods of the present technology can be employed with three-dimensional imaging techniques. Moreover, FIGS. 4A-5B represent a two-dimensional image in which only a slice of the aneurysm (and devices therein) is visible. While in some cases the inner and outer layers of the occlusive member 102 (when such are present) may be distinguishable from one another in the radiographic image, in the present example the layers appear as one thick layer. As used herein, “proper deployment” or “successful deployment” may refer to (a) complete (e.g., greater than 80%) or substantially complete (e.g., greater than 50%) filling of the aneurysm A with the embolic element 230, (b) complete or substantially complete inversion or collapse of the occlusive member 102 onto itself over the neck N of the aneurysm A, (c) or both.

The occlusive member 102 may include one or more radiopaque markers, such as markers 402, 404, 406, and 114 (referred to collectively as “markers 401”) shown in FIGS. 4A-4C. The markers 401 may be disposed about the occlusive member 102 in a specific spatial arrangement such that relative movement of the markers is indicative of a degree of stage of deployment of the occlusive member 102 and/or embolic element 230. The markers 401 may be positioned at any location along the occlusive member 102. For example, the occlusive member 102 may include one or more radiopaque markers 402 at or along its distal wall 132 (only one shown for ease of illustration), one or more radiopaque markers 404 at or along its proximal wall 134 (only one shown for ease of illustration), and one or more radiopaque markers 406 at or along the intermediate portion of the wall (only one shown for ease of illustration). Moreover, the coupler 114 of the occlusive member 102 may be radiopaque. The markers 401 may be positioned at one, some, or all of the layers of the occlusive member 102 (at least in those embodiments where the occlusive member 102 includes multiple layers). In some embodiments, the individual markers 401 may comprise a radiopaque band or clip coupled to the one or more struts, filaments, wires, etc. of the occlusive member 102. In some embodiments, the individual markers 401 may comprise a radiopaque material coated on or otherwise incorporated into the wall of the occlusive member 102. The individual markers 401 may have the same or different shapes, lengths, and/or profiles.

In some embodiments, in addition to or instead of having one or more markers 401, the occlusive member 102 itself may be partially or completely formed of a radiopaque material, such as one or more radiopaque wires. In the example depicted in FIGS. 4A-4C, the occlusive member 102 is formed of a radiopaque material and also includes radiopaque markers 402, 404, 406. The occlusive member 102 is formed of a plurality of drawn-filled tube (“DFT”) wires, which comprise a core formed of a radiopaque material (such as platinum) surrounded by an outer non-radiopaque material (at least relative to the core material). The markers 402, 404, 406 are completely formed of a radiopaque material and thus have a higher density of radiopaque material. As such, the markers 402, 404, 406 appear darker than the occlusive member 102 in the images. In some embodiments, the occlusive member 102 may have a radiopacity that is different than the radiopacity of one or more of the markers 402, 404, 406 such that the wall of the occlusive member 102 wall and the marker(s) 406 can be distinguished from one another on the radiographic image. The wall of the occlusive member 102 may be more or less radiopaque than one or more of the markers 402, 404, 406.

In some embodiments, one or more components of the delivery system may include one or more radiopaque markers. For example, the conduit 116 may include one or more radiopaque markers positioned along its length. In the embodiment depicted in FIGS. 4A-4C, the conduit 116 may include a radiopaque marker 400 positioned at or near its distal end. The conduit 116 may have one or more additional markers (not shown) positioned along its length, such as along the length of the conduit 116 that extends through the interior volume 130 of the occlusive member 102.

As shown in FIG. 4A, when the occlusive member 102 is first deployed (e.g., allowed to self-expand) within the aneurysm, the radiopaque marker(s) 402, 404, 406 of the occlusive member 102 will be in a first position relative to one another, and to the radiopaque marker(s) of the conduit 116. By way of example, markers 402 and 404 are separated by a first distance d₁ when the occlusive member 102 is first deployed. As the embolic element 230 is conveyed through the conduit 116 and into the aneurysm sac, the occlusive member 102 may deform as described previously with respect to FIGS. 3A-3G. This deformation can cause the radiopaque marker(s) 401 carried by the occlusive member 102 to move to a second position relative to one another. For example, the physician may confirm progression of deployment by observing that markers 402 and 404 are now separated by a distance d₂. The radiopaque marker(s) 401 may also move relative to the radiopaque marker(s) 400 of the conduit 116, which may remain in the same or substantially the same place within the aneurysm. By comparing an image of the radiopaque markers 400 and/or 401 in the first relative positions and an image of the radiopaque markers 400 and/or 401 in the second relative positions, a clinician can visually confirm that the embolic element 230 has filled a certain percentage of the aneurysm A.

For example, according to some aspects of the technology, confirmation of sufficient filling of the aneurysm (i.e., 50% or greater) may be indicated by one or more distal wall markers 402 moving into close proximity to one or more proximal wall markers 404 and/or touching one or more proximal wall markers 404. Because the embolic element 230 applies a generally uniform pressure across the distal wall 132 and pushes downwardly towards the neck N as it fills in the space between the occlusive member 102 and the aneurysm wall, the movement of one or more distal wall markers 402 to a position adjacent a proximal wall marker 404 indicates to a physician that the aneurysm A is substantially filled (e.g., 50% or greater) with the embolic element 230. This relative positioning also indicates that the distal wall 132 is now providing additional occlusion at the neck N of the aneurysm and that the occlusive member 102 is in its second expanded shape. In some embodiments, the coupler 114 may be used as the proximal indicator instead of or in addition to the one or more proximal markers 404.

In some embodiments, confirmation of sufficient filling of the aneurysm (i.e., 50% or greater) may be indicated by one or more distal wall markers 402 moving away from the conduit marker 400 (or marker affixed to another component of the delivery system) by a predetermined distance. For example, when the occlusive member 102 is in the first expanded state or shape (FIG. 4A) the distal wall marker 402 may be adjacent the conduit marker 400. In the second expanded state or shape (FIG. 4C), the distal wall marker 402 may be separated from the conduit marker 400 by a distance that is generally equivalent to a diameter D of the occlusive member 102 in its expanded state while initially positioned in the aneurysm A. As explained above, such relative positioning of one or more distal wall markers 402 and conduit marker 400 indicates to a physician that the aneurysm A is substantially filled (e.g., 50% or greater) with the embolic element 230. This relative positioning also indicates that the distal wall 132 is now providing additional occlusion at the neck N of the aneurysm and that the occlusive member 102 is in its second expanded shape.

In some embodiments, one or more intermediate markers 406 may be used to confirm and/or monitor deployment. For example, one or more intermediate markers 406 may be positioned at or near a desired inversion plane of the occlusive member 102. In the present example using a generally spherical occlusive member 102 that deforms to assume a bowl shape, the inversion plane is at or near a midline of the occlusive member 102 in its expanded state. This is because, in a fully inverted state, the distal half of the occlusive member 102 will lie within/conform to the proximal half of the occlusive member 102 (as shown in FIG. 4C). As such, the midline of the occlusive member 102 is the desired plane of inversion. The occlusive member 102 may be radiopaque (as shown in FIGS. 4A-4C), but to a lesser extent than the intermediate marker(s) 406 such that the occlusive member 102 wall and the marker(s) 406 can be distinguished from one another on the radiographic image. As such, an image showing the top edge 136 (FIG. 4C) of the occlusive member 102 adjacent or at the intermediate marker(s) 406 may indicate that the aneurysm A is substantially filled (e.g., 50% or greater) with the embolic element 230. This relative positioning also indicates that the distal wall 132 is now providing additional occlusion at the neck N of the aneurysm and that the occlusive member 102 is in its second expanded shape.

The change in shape of the occlusive member 102 and/or change in position of different portions of the occlusive member 102 relatively to one another may also indicate proper deployment. As previously discussed, the occlusive member 102 assumes a first expanded shape when initially deployed and has a second expanded shape after deformation by the embolic element 230. In several embodiments, the second expanded shape represents a partially or completely inverted from of the first expanded shape, which can be confirmed on the radiographic image by observing the changing outline of the occlusive member 102. For instance, in the present example where the occlusive member 102 has a first expanded shape that is generally spherical, an image showing a C-shape (as shown in FIG. 4C) may indicate that the desired filling and/or deployment is complete. In a three-dimensional image, the second expanded shape may have a bowl shape. In some embodiments, confirmation of complete or substantially complete deployment may be indicated by the distal wall 500 being within a predetermined distance of the proximal wall 502.

In some embodiments, proper deployment may be confirmed by observing a distance between the inverted wall (here, distal wall 132) and the relatively stationary wall (here, proximal wall 134). As shown in FIG. 4C, when the distal wall 132 collapses down onto or near the proximal wall 134, the occlusive member 102 presents on the image as having twice the thickness at the proximal portion. Moreover, as the occlusive member 102 inverts, the density of the radiopaque material doubles, and thus the doubled-over portions of the occlusive member 102 appear darker on the image.

As shown in FIGS. 5A and 5B, in some embodiments, certain portions of the occlusive member 102 may be coated with a radiopaque material such that change in shape or orientation of those portions indicates a desired position of the occlusive member 102. For example, as shown in FIG. 5A, a distal-most half 500 of the occlusive member 102 may be coated with a radiopaque material while a proximal-most half 502 may not be coated or may otherwise be less radiopaque than the distal half 500. As such, confirmation of complete or substantially complete deployment may be indicated by the more radiopaque distal wall 500 being adjacent the proximal wall 502. For example, confirmation of complete or substantially complete deployment may be indicated by the distal wall 500 being within a predetermined distance of the proximal wall 502. Confirmation may also be gleaned from the distal wall 500 changing in shape from flat or convex (towards the dome) of the aneurysm A to concave.

A shape of the embolic element 230 may also provide an indication of deployment progress. For example, the shape of the lower (closer to the neck N) perimeter of the aneurysm A can be indicative of a degree of filling of the aneurysm with the embolic element 230 and/or degree of deformation of the occlusive member 102. As most aneurysms have a generally spherical or globular shape, a lower boundary of the embolic element 230 may have a decreasing radius of curvature as more is injected and more of the occlusive member 102 inverts. For example, in FIG. 4B, when the aneurysm A is partially filled with the embolic element 230 and the occlusive member 102 is only partially collapsed or inverted, the distal wall 132 has a first radius of curvature. In FIG. 4C, when the aneurysm A is substantially completely or completely filled, the distal wall 132 has a radius of curvature less than the radius of curvature of the distal wall 132 in the partially deformed state.

Additionally or alternatively, the degree of deployment of the occlusive member 102 and/or degree of filling of the aneurysm A can be further determined by injecting contrast into the parent blood vessel and imaging the aneurysm to determine how much of the contrast enters the aneurysm cavity. The shape of the

The devices, systems, and methods of the present technology may be particularly beneficial over conventional devices for two-dimensional imaging. In two-dimensional imaging (such as fluoroscopy), the image may reflect only a slice or elevational view of the aneurysm (and device or substance therein). As such, any voids or gaps in filling may not be apparent in the slice because the image slice does not transect the void within the aneurysm A, or the cross-section or elevational view of the stagnated area may take on different shapes depending on how the image is observed. A physician may have to take a plurality of images to determine a general amount of filling in the aneurysm. In contrast, the occlusion members 102 of the present technology have a unique shape that dynamically adjusts to the introduction of an embolic element 230 in a predictable, measurable way that indicates a degree of filling of the embolic element 230 in a single two-dimensional radiographic image.

The devices, systems, and methods disclosed herein include confirming and/or observing various stages of deployment of the system in an aneurysm, including complete or substantially complete deployment, using one, some, or all of the methods disclosed above.

CONCLUSION

The descriptions of embodiments of the technology are not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the technology to the precise form disclosed above. Where the context permits, singular or plural terms may also include the plural or singular term, respectively. Although specific embodiments of, and examples for, the technology are described above for illustrative purposes, various equivalent modifications are possible within the scope of the technology, as those skilled in the relevant art will recognize. For example, while steps are presented in a given order, alternative embodiments may perform steps in a different order. The various embodiments described herein may also be combined to provide further embodiments.

Moreover, unless the word “or” is expressly limited to mean only a single item exclusive from the other items in reference to a list of two or more items, then the use of “or” in such a list is to be interpreted as including (a) any single item in the list, (b) all of the items in the list, or (c) any combination of the items in the list. Additionally, the term “comprising” is used throughout to mean including at least the recited feature(s) such that any greater number of the same feature and/or additional types of other features are not precluded. It will also be appreciated that specific embodiments have been described herein for purposes of illustration, but that various modifications may be made without deviating from the technology. Further, while advantages associated with certain embodiments of the technology have been described in the context of those embodiments, other embodiments may also exhibit such advantages, and not all embodiments need necessarily exhibit such advantages to fall within the scope of the technology. Accordingly, the disclosure and associated technology can encompass other embodiments not expressly shown or described herein. 

I/We claim:
 1. A method for treating an aneurysm, the method comprising: positioning a distal end of an elongated shaft in an aneurysm cavity; releasing an occlusive member from the elongated shaft while the distal end of the elongated shaft is positioned within the aneurysm cavity such that the occlusive member self-expands to assume a first expanded state in which the occlusive member forms a first shape, wherein, in the first expanded state, the occlusive member encloses an interior region having a first interior volume; and delivering an embolic element between the occlusive member and the aneurysm wall to transform the occlusive member into a second expanded state in which the occlusive member defines a second interior volume less than the first interior volume, wherein the occlusive member forms a second shape in the second expanded state that is different than the first shape in the first expanded state.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein transforming the occlusive member into the second expanded shape includes injecting the embolic material to urge a portion of a sidewall of the expandable mesh in a direction away from a wall of the aneurysm and towards the interior region of the occlusive member.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein transforming the occlusive member into the second expanded shape includes injecting the embolic material to invert a portion of a sidewall of the occlusive member such that the portion is convex towards the aneurysm wall in the first expanded state and concave towards the aneurysm wall in the second expanded state.
 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the embolic element comprises a liquid embolic.
 5. The method of claim 1, wherein delivering the embolic element occurs after the occlusive member is in the first expanded state.
 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the occlusive member has a globular or generally spherical shape in the first expanded state and a cup or bowl-shape in the second expanded state.
 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the embolic element comprises a biopolymer and a chemical crosslinking agent.
 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the biopolymer includes chitosan, a derivative of chitosan, an analog of chitosan, or a combination thereof; the chemical crosslinking agent includes genipin, a derivative of genipin, an analog of genipin, or a combination thereof; and the physical crosslinking agent includes β glycerophosphate, a derivative of β glycerophosphate, an analog of β glycerophosphate, or a combination thereof.
 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the embolic element comprises a contrast agent.
 10. A method for treating an aneurysm, the method comprising: positioning an expandable occlusive member in an initial expanded state within an aneurysm, wherein in the initial expanded state the expandable occlusive member provides a number of layers across a neck of the aneurysm; and doubling the number of layers of the occlusive member across the neck of the aneurysm by introducing an embolic element to the aneurysm cavity.
 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the number of layers is one.
 12. The method of claim 10, wherein the number of layers is two.
 13. The method of claim 10, wherein the occlusive member has a first shape in the initial expanded state, and wherein introducing the embolic element transforms the occlusive member from the initial expanded state to a secondary expanded state in which the occlusive member forms a second shape different than the first shape.
 14. The method of claim 13, wherein a volume enclosed by the first shape is greater than a volume enclosed by the second shape.
 15. A method for imaging treatment of an aneurysm, the method comprising: acquiring a first image visualizing: an occlusive member positioned within an aneurysm, the occlusive member including a first radiopaque marker; and a conduit having a distal portion positioned within an aneurysm, the distal portion of the conduit including a second radiopaque marker; and acquiring a second image in which the first radiopaque marker is further from the second radiopaque marker than in the first image.
 16. The method of claim 15, wherein, in the second image, the first radiopaque marker is positioned proximal to the second radiopaque marker and/or closer to a neck of the aneurysm than in the first image.
 17. The method of claim 15, wherein, in the first image, the first radiopaque marker is positioned in a distal half of the occlusive member, on a distal-facing surface of the occlusive member, and/or proximal to second radiopaque marker.
 18. The method of claim 15, wherein, in the first image and in the second image, the second radiopaque marker is disposed nearer to a dome of the aneurysm than the first radiopaque marker.
 19. The method of claim 15, wherein, in the second image, a radiopaque occlusive element is visible in a space between the first radiopaque marker and the second radiopaque marker.
 20. The method of claim 15, further comprising acquiring a third image in which the first radiopaque marker is further from the second radiopaque marker than in the second image. 